P1:News

 Do Now: Wednesday 11th September 2024


Print News: 


L/O: to explore Printed news and the theoretical framework

Media language
Industry
Audience
representation
Social, political,cultural, historical, economical
tomorrow papers today
  • Government indecision/ disapproval of Starmer -  main image
  • Streetart - main image- colourful
  • Charity hike macmillan- subheading above image of hikers
  • deaths - bold capital typography
  • Dancing with riots  - Big white bold text
  • Price cuts - to the left/ top - main cover line
  • Masthead generally at the top
  • Generally white/ black text on a white background
  • Adverts at top/ corner

Tabloid - 
  • f
a newspaper having pages half the size of those of the average broadsheet, typically popular in style and dominated by sensational stories.

  • Celebrity gossip
  • Royals
  • Tv/ social trends ( Gavin and Stacy christmas special)
  • Massive images

  • Colourful, bright
  • less serious quality of news
  • less text
  • Sans serif

Mid market tabloid -Mid market tabloids or middle market dailies are newspapers that include publications such as The Daily Express and The Daily Mail. They may include some conventions of both tabloid or broadsheet and tend to reflect a mid-point between the two genres.

  • Not as much text for broadsheet/ tabloid
  • images are apparent but aren't covered in them
  • Quality of news is more serious than tabloids but still cover the broadsheet topics
  • Sans serif and serif font

Broadsheet - a large piece of paper printed with information on one side only.
a newspaper with a large format, regarded as more serious and less sensationalist than tabloids.

  • serious news mainly
  • Tons of copy/text featuring mainly serious news topics - political
  • Stereotypically black font with white background
  • Less images - one main with few others
Tabloid media language:

  •  Big sans serif capitalised bold typography
  • Colour palette - yellow, red, blue hints
  • Images dotted everywhere throughout
  • Topics - royal cancer, strictly. Minor view on politics
  • Adverts/ free 

Do Now: A tabloid newspaper links to a newspaper which has less serious news, more images and more gossipy!

Mid market has some serious themes relating to newspapers that have more copy than tabloid but not as much as a broadsheet. Has various images but less than tabloid

Broadsheet: A newspaper that mainly contains serious news contents e.g politics and having more copy and less images than tabloid

Barthes
Neale


Purpose & Process Thursday 12th September 2024


L/O: To explore the purpose & Process of the printed news industry

Production:

Require a large amount of paper
Employ many highly trained staff

Technology changed: Printed in colour
Satelitte and internet - stories from anywhere in the internet

Distribution:

Have to be physically transported
Need to be in outlets in early morning

To lessen the cost: 

Print locally
Online can be global and cheaper
Free papers 

Marketed: How do they promote Newspapers?

Advertise - TV, social media, sister papers
Exclusives
synergy deals with other companies

Circulation:

Number of copies distributed, not sold

Ownership:

DMGT owns the daily mail, general trust is the ownership model


Scott trust owns the Guardian



How do newspapers make money?
  • Owned conglomerates means that  newspapers have the same owner so all profits go to one company
  • advertising and having new exculsive deals and offers with news and vouchers
  • Online member subscription/sponsorship - more exclusive content
What problem is the newspaper industry facing?

The lack of different companies owning the newspapers - limits views of the public and some influences are missed
Fake news, lack of people buying physical copies

How are they tackling this?

Going online - various points of views from the vast majority of websites and new newspapers?


Technological Advancements:

1980s - Computers, printers and DTP programs - programs being set up, spreading around and starting to build on news. Printers could mean that newspapers can be more easily produced and spread around

1990s - internet means that people can just view news online. It would be less informative but people can still. access news - may prevent people from buying physical copies

2000s - Social media influences - news everywhere. Physical copies only for traditional users. Facebook 


Advantages:
Production - reduces environmental costs; energy saving
Distribution: Reduces cost; global reach
Circulation: allows greater access which increases overall circulation; audiences can interact with the news; owners can monitor story popularity.

Guardian has lost 200,00 print readers
Independent only available online


Do Now: Wednesday 18th September. News Values


L/O: to explore the news values of printed news

1) Daily Mail trust / Lord Rothermere 
2) Scott trust
3) Media Baron
4) Trust
5) historical cultural economical social political

Barthes Semiology- Bold serif main headline connoting the severity and importance/ visceral language of the 'exploding pagers' and how at risk the Middle East is too danger and attack. The connotations create a myth of how Israel is the enemy and how The Middle East are the victims of their attack.  By repeating these ( frequency and continuity) the myth can become real and readers will start to accept these stories and myths until they believe it.

The newspaper The Times have also displayed a same message with the lexis of ' Exploding ' with ' havoc' in a serif bold capitalised font to convey the importance of the story. It is smaller but above an image with a man suffering an injury. The denotation of the bloody image immediately signals the bad position the man is in, with connotations of blood, injury and having  his head drooped all connote pain,suffering and harm. The negativity and frequency continues the myth of Israel being the villains

Gatekeeper - The editor can choose which stories to use in the newspaper and can filter and remove them based on appeal and importance
Protective coverage -  Editor's can choose to withhold information on the grounds that it may be harmful to the public, powerful people or impede a legal investigation.

 This could also mean that editors can pick and choose stories which benefits the newspapers views instead of getting all the true information out

News Values:

Guidelines used to identify which news is considered to be most valuable, appealing and newsworthy for audiences.
- Indicates that news is a Socially constructed product
- 12 significant News Values:












- Frequency , continuity( reoccurring)- Israel and Palestine
- Threshold - New and Massive) - Huw Edwards Grooming
- Unambiguity  Thousands of pager bombs
- Meaningfulness - all the stories
-Consonance - all stories agreeing with the stories and how harmful they are
- Unexpectedness- "Exploding'
- composition/personalisation - layout and images basically resembling the main headline
- Elite Person - Starmer
-Nation - 
- Negativity - ' Exploding pagers/ On The brink'

Do Now Thursday 19th September Political Bias


L/O: To explore the political bias of printed news

1) Press agency get the news facts and stories and sell them to newspapers
2) Negativity
3) Frequency
4) Media Barons
5) Historical, cultural, economical, social, political


Political Bias:


Free Press - a news industry that isn't regulated or censored by the government  in values or belief

The fourth Estate - News has a role in safeguarding the pubic from decisions made by the wealthy or politicians which could influence policy or outcomes

The Mail is very right wing. Guardian is left Wing


Labour is not looking too seriously at Isreal. Saying how Labour Prime Minister is just using his power for luxury 'freebies'


For my exam question i am using the daily mail one as well as the boris one as i couldn't find one that was opposite 

First we can see the political allegiance in the daily Mail is right wing. This can be predominantly shown by the serif bold font in the centre of the page with the lexis 'Labour has "undermined" Israel'. The text presents how Labour is not thinking seriously about the very harmful war that is occurring at the present. Barthes semiology of signs can be used to identify the denotation of just overlooking the war, but there is also harmful connotations of this and how the country could be put into danger and at risk because of the Labour party. With the frequency and continuation of the Israel war, the myth part of Barthes theory can be continued and readers would understand the pressures of the war with all of these signs and how the war is still occurring - these signs and myths from the Daily mail exploring their right wing views and how labour is in the wrong and potentially dangerous!
The theory of binary oppositions by Levi Strauss can be applied to the Daily mail magazine as we get to experience the war of Israel and the current war that is occuring and how the undermining creates more harmful connotations. This is completely different to the political context of "Sue Gray' and her pay. The binary opposition of the war and a leaders pay presents the Daily Mails views of The War as separate to the Uk, and how both aren't intertwined at all.  This may cause mor create an ideology/ myth of how The Uk is still not involved with the war, but just reporting instead - creating a divide between the Uks government and The Israel war??

WE can see the Guardians clear left wing view again with the lexis, bold and centre top headline - ' Desperate, deluded PM clings to power' . The visceral adjectives and the harmful imperative verb ' clings' describes the Conservative Prime Minister as hopeless and powerless to the government and public- showing the Guardians left wing message as the negativity news value is present with the harmful language. Levi Strauss theory of Structuralism and binary opposites can be used for both newspapers, as with the Guardian it is clearly harmful and targeting the conservative prime minister, mocking him and  presenting his powerless situation as hopeless to the readers. Whilst in contrast, lexis and the typography is slandering the labour party in the daily mail newspaper. These oppositions in party allegiances uses Levi Strauss' theory to help identify the two oppositions in parties and clearly explaining to their readers which party they follow with their lexis and bold font presenting these views????/


In your theory, try to add how each cover can have each theory applied. You can also demonstrate how the binary oppositions cause myths and ideologies.

Calling him a freeloader! Photoshopping his face onto the king - mockery

Homogenous: Singular, similar and undistinguishable.
Plurality: More than one viewpoint is maintained in the news, that owners can't reduce the plurality



Context with historical influences - what has happened in the past and how that links towards a certain topic
Political - Context with political influences -  government decisions and leaders across the world impacting a product
Economic - Money issues and industry/ product?and context with economical influences
Social context - social issues at the time - debates and arguments and how people are socially connected
Cultural context - contexts that occurs and surrounds different cultures, beliefs and backgrounds!

Historical Context - Newspapers and how they are now more easily able to be printed - costs less money - this could link to the risk of the news content in newspapers and how wider views may be shown due to the less risk of profit loss

Print News: Regulation Wednesday 25th September 2024


L/O: to explore issues of regulation of printed news

Regulation is the ability to control and keep the content safe and non - harmful to consumers e.g omissing content or bleeping swear words etc.

Protective coverage may help with regulation



Regulation is needed to maintain a free press amd the function of the fourth estate protects people and democracy
Regulation focuses on:
News content and info printed by the press
Ownership and competition laws
The British Press is self regulated within an accepted code of conduct. A breach could lead to a fine or a printed apology

The Leveson inquiry proposes ideals which would help regulate the press to be a safe space
IPSO doesn't meet the Levinsons regulatory requirements so then  it doesn't have regulatory status


IPSO - Independent Press Standards Organisation regulates the Daily Mail but the Daily Mail pays them
IMPRESS is a levison regulator as it actually  is independently funded and not payed for comercially

Curran and Seaton - Power in industry - media industries owning  products- Patterns of ownership and control are important to the media.
Media industries are capitalist - only aim to increase ownership- narrowing of opinions represented
Profits over creativity/quality
Internet on ownership of the news is still owned by a few with control

Hesmondalgh - Risk is seen in profits. Risk is reduced with continued use of stars, genre.
Companies rely on repetition to minimise the risk. Formats are recognisable and copyright laws protect products from piracy
Cultural industries are owned by a few conglomerates

Livingstone and Lunt - Regulation and how its needed to keep viewers safe
Consumers require regulaion to be protected.  Seek public or social benefits from the media and requires regulation to promote public interest
Regulation is being put at risk. by increasingly globalised media industries - digital media rise and convergence


Thursday 26th September 2024 Regulation and theory

L/O: to explore theories of regulation of the printed news

1) Ipso
2) Impress
3) Leveson Inquiry
4) Theory of sign and semiology . Denotations create connotations . Repeated connotations creating meanings and myths which are repeated to become naturalised
5) Daily Mail - Conservative, Guardian - Labour





Patterns in ownership + control  are important in how the media functions
Capitalist and wants ownership. Narrowing of opinions. Affects Plurality
Profit over quality!


Print: Draws attention to issues - forms + effects of ownership and  control, issues of risk and profit
Press barons owning newspapers

Nort useful for understanding ideologies or media language conventions



Guardian Print - Ownership of paper by Scott Trust ensures ownership & control do not affect journalistic values

Aims to provide a voice for different perspectives; alternative to narrowed opinions presented by controlling outlets

Aim to guard against commercial pressure through trust format. Changes in format and move online shows need to adapt to survive



Hesmondalgh - Risk is seen in profits. Risk is reduced with continued use of stars, genre.
Companies rely on repetition to minimise the risk. Formats are recognisable and copyright laws protect products from piracy
Cultural industries are owned by a few conglomerates







DMGT is a parent company of DMG media. Lord Rothermere family to integrate a numbe rof outlets & services, reducing competition

Increasing digital outlets and reducing printing plants help reduce risk

Online - Global distribution and circulation extends DMGT's reach. Conservative values reached on a higher scale
Development of MailOnline has reduced risk for DMGT. Production cost is low and advertising revenue is high

Cultural industries bring issues of risk and profitability to the forefront. Competition for readers and advertising revenue from the 'new media'
Corrects over optimistic views of the internet as an arena for freedom and unlimited creativity.

Effects of ownership and control on the content of newspapers this may not have an insight into ideologies or media language conventions




Guardian -print has struggled to survive in a competitive market dominated by a few global conglomerates. Circulation dropped 13.1% in 2018
Developing digital outlets, moving to compact format and identifying other revenue streams helps reduce risk



Livingstone and Lunt - Regulation and how its needed to keep viewers safe
Consumers require regulaion to be protected.  Seek public or social benefits from the media and requires regulation to promote public interest
Regulation is being put at risk. by increasingly globalised media industries - digital media rise and convergence


The Guardian Self regulates as it perceives regulatory bodies as unethical & ineffective.
Self regulates online. The readers editior deals with complaints but with 140millions readers this is a difficult task


Daily Mail Print - IPSO. 17 cases brought against them in respect of claims of inaccuray. Invasion of privacy and intrusion in one year.


Curran and Seaton's theory of ownership and power in media industries presents how very few conglomerates own media industries - newspapers. This can lead to capitalist views and narrowing of opinions in some of these industries and leads to wanting profit and ownership over quality of news. 
We can apply Curran and Seaton and regulation to the Daily Mail, where Lord Rothermere and the DMGT owns various companies of the Daily Mail.  This automatically leads to a narrowing of opinions as a huge conglomerate like the Daily Mail means that the same editors and journalists are working on all variations of the newspapers, so the same conservative views are being published by them. This affects some of the News values - frequency, continuity etc as the same content is being pushed out by the same company. This may affect regulation as if all the newspapers are delivering the same exact messages, the Ipso team ( paid for by the DMGT ) may let some messages slide and allow harmful content to be presented to the readers, for money and profits. The narrowed opinions could be harmful to some readers,  but due to the ownership and control, the regulation may not be strong enough to stop The DMGT from getting out those views.???

In Contrast, The Guardian is owned by The Scotts Trust, and not funded solely by one person/ company. These leads to a wider range of opinions as the trust cares about giving out news, and not profit so controversial messages and unliked ones can still be shared to the world. Even though this is good, the regulation side may still take offense. Due to the Guardian regulating itself -due to finding IPSO unethical- the readers editor has to deal with all the complaints ( with 140 million online readers), the Guardian may not get everything right and may upset people with their own regulation system. The left wing views can still be presented by the Guardian so the quality of news is still getting out to the readers, which benefits the plurality and widening of opinions of news.

The downside to the curran and seaton theory is that since it focuses on ownership and power,  some hidden ideologies and media language connotations may not be explored. By not examining the whole newspaper and seeing every little detail, we could miss some topics which may even link to regulation itself.

Tips for next time: do more paragraphs and think of more limitations!

Do Now: Economic Factors Wednesday 2nd October 2024
 

To explore the economic factors which influence print news

Power In industries and how views are capitalist. Narrowing of opinions in the industry due to this and how increase in ownership causes this. Profit over creativity

Hesmondhalgh - Profit is risk. Continued use of stars, genre is repeated to promote consumerism and gain money. This limits representations due to the repetitions

Livingstone and Lunt: Consumers require regulation to keep safe and protected

10 Marks = 17 Mins

Leveson Inquiry

Ipso Impress




Economic Context, commercial and not-for-profit funding





Print declining - online adverts 'clickbait' commercial
Media Baron - Rothermere family - profit and commercial focused
Price of Magazine increase
Advertising costs - 3,000 to3,000,000
77 Million pounds Profit
Printing factory closed - less money wasted , magazine sized decrease. Double in magazine price
25% share of the market
22.7 million mobile readers

Guardian:

Scotts Trust - all profit goes back to the guardian media group to support the business and improves newspaper quality - not for profit
2.8% market share - way less so less profit is made.
Guardian has donations - help from the readers/ Philanthropy and Bill Gates
No dividends 
Online readers are high - 15.8 mobile
5000-32000 advertising costs (less due to less readership)

The economical factors for both newspapers differ and align with each other too. The Daily Mail, being for a more commercial and profit-based newspaper focuses on profit, whereas the Guardian, a non-profit newspaper focuses on getting money only to improve the news quality of their own newspapers. First, The Daily Mail is owned by the Lord Rothermere family, Media Barons that pass the. line down through generations. They only seek for profit, so there 25% of the market share is valued and used to get this income. By being a profit-based newspaper, The family rules and controls ownership of the newspaper(Curran and Seaton with the Power in industries and how there may be limiting of opinions with the news content provided- impacting the news quality as profit is preferred over the actual quality of the news.) In contrast the Guardian is run by a trust, called The Scotts Trust, where all money and ownership goes back towards the newspaper, and decisions are made by a range of people. The aim is to get the best news delivered to the public without seeking profit - the Trust therefore being more genuine with news potentially and this may potentially allow readers to trust and donate to the Guardian - a way for the Guardian to keep running ( mainly online) as readers can donate whenever they like due to the 'trust' of the news and readers and whether they agree with the content within the newspaper.

Advertising is also a great way of gaining profits, especially with the Daily Mail - an advert costs around £3000- 3,000,000 depending on the size of the advert. This is a massive way to get profit, especially with online news as there are way more links and possibly 'clickbait' products to choose- which instantly generates revenue for the company. This is in favor of the Daily Mail, as they are only wanting profit. This is especially good for the Media Barons and The DMGT as they can gain profit easily from both print and online. A limiting factor may be that because of the print news declining and falling in sales, the advertising costs may decrease because of the low readership. To save money, The Daily Mail have decided to increase the cover price of their print newspapers and have removed a printing press/factory in Didcot to save money for  themselves. Hesmondhalghs theory of cultural Industries can be useful as Profit is seen as risk, and The Daily Mail is decreasing the risk significantly by removing the printing factory, using more online and print adverts and possibly by using the same mainstream repeated stories to remove the risk of losing profit.


Additionally, both newspapers have thrived with going online: Both numbers of usage has gone up, so revenue and profit has also increased (22 million for Daily Mail) and around 15 Million for the Guardian. These huge numbers is making online be the designated news source for the readers instead of print, which reflects the modern attitudes of print newspapers- they're outdated. Online news can post a story within the hour that it is heard, however the print newspapers have to wait till the next day to even get the story out there. This is not good as there is an increase of demand for news to be immediate, and print newspapers aren't cutting that anymore, so there have been less money put into distributing and producing newspapers as that money may be wasted if the stories are outdated and the readers have already read them... If the time spent is put into the online newspapers, more money and circulation can be present, making profit and continuity  for both newspapers!

I feel like im in adequate 4/5 out of 10 T: 3. online pressure and changes.
4. online success. for both newspapers

Do Now:

Commercial funding is where a newspaper is actively looking for profit - whether from adverts, newspapers and subscriptions
Not for profit funding - funding that people give to a newspaper which isn't for profit, but for the benefit of the newspaper - e.g the guardian and donations
Daily Mail - DMGT advertising
Guardian - Scotts trust
Economical


Thursday 3rd October 2024 Case Studies: Ownership and Funding.


Daily Mail:


The Daily Mail was founded in 1896 by Alfred Harmsworth, later 1st Viscount Northcliffe (see Northcliffe, Alfred Charles William Harmsworth, Viscount). Its roots can be traced to the Hull Packet (founded in 1787), which was merged with the Hull Evening News in 1884 and 12 years later moved to London and became the Daily Mail. In 1902, its circulation exceeded one million, rivaling the New York World and the New York Journal for the top circulating newspapers. Although the Mail lost circulation in the 1970s, it became one of Britain’s best-selling newspapers at the close of the 20th century.

DMGT and DMG media Lord Rothermere
2.18 Million 2019-2020 readers
£300 - 3Million




Subscriptions, adverts
Online adverts, subscriptions




The Guardian: 

The Scott Trust: values and history

The Trust forms part of a unique ownership structure for the Guardian that ensures editorial interests remain free of commercial pressures

The Scott Trust: a unique form of global media ownership

  • The Scott Trust was originally created in 1936 to secure the financial and editorial independence of the Guardian in perpetuity and to safeguard the journalistic freedom and liberal values of the Guardian free from commercial or political interference.

  • The Trust was reconstituted in 1948 and 2008 it was replaced with The Scott Trust Limited, a limited company with the same protections for the Guardian enshrined in its constitution. The Scott Trust is the sole shareholder in Guardian Media Group and its profits are reinvested in journalism and do not benefit a proprietor or shareholders.












Do Now Wednesday 9th October 2024


1) Lord Rothermere/DMGT  - Media Baron
2) Scotts Trust - trust
3) Reduce the size of newspapers, increase cover price. Shut down printing press. Adverts
4) Website,mobile app, tablet,laptop
5) 22.7~Million online readers 






Our values were set out by CP Scott in his centenary leader in 1921. They are: honesty, integrity, courage, fairness, and a sense of duty to the reader and the community.

Bias - left wing
Ideologies - supporting Labour, looking at israel, Florida Hurricanes, money and investment
 Reporting Style
Formal, sophisticated lexis 'investment' ''
It is self regulated

Daily Mail:

The Daily Mail claims to be “in touch with the hearts and minds of Middle England” because it engages with the “concerns, hopes and lifestyles of this powerful audience”. Their typical reader has strong spending power and would consider themselves to be “adventurous”.
Right wing
Russia and Britain, Holly and Phil
Ipso    












Israel,Palestine Starmer, Emily Atack ( celebs ) Frequency 

C/S:

Only Emily Atack could be seen as celebrity culture despite the strong message she presents, all the rest is news that seems important. This is creativity over profit as it reflects important news and less celeb culture
Less narrowing of opinions - Israel and Gaza, Starmer, other audiences, Woman and Mysogny. Various views are presented and not just one in bold serif text

Profit is risk. Trust = profit isn't sought after so the War in Israel is prioritized. Celebrity Emily is there but onlyt talks about important, serious topic. Not for the profit. The capitalist views isn't present as owner

The Guardian is self regulated, so it can choose which of the stories it covers to reach its target audiences. people have to take it to the Guardian itself if they have any oppositions
Negativity news values

Frequency is apparent - Israel and Gaza
C/SOwnership: 
Non - smokers
Tim Jonze 
Starmer - varied opinions and not just celeb gossip

Profit is seen as risk. but as The Guardian is a trust, there is less opportunity for adverts as they aren't needed - gives a sense of real news and good news stories!

Ownership: The Guardian in. big bold capitals at the top nearer the middle. The trusts values are seen with the honest news- left wing by having the politics on the side the verb 'drop' sounding more harmful and showing the disapproval tone toward the Tories and Right wing. whilst Praising Starmer for helping the community

The frequency of the stories of politics, world issues and money is shown and Israel and high quality art and theatre is mentioned 

Tech developments are't really present in the physical version except with the Guardian Newsletter and advancements. Subscribe to me element with the QR code in print to sign up to the website and begin the subscription

Funding and revenue - the cost is at the top for £3.00 and is half the rice £2.30 for subscribers
Adverts are half a page / full of a page. They vary from charity, fashion and pension in The 11/09/24 Issue

Regulation- Self regulated so any complaints would have to go through on the website. Not mentioned on the cover 

Complaints: The referred to an alumni or alumnus amd got a number wrong (12 to 100)





Curran and Seaton:  Holly and Phil - pattern in ownership is repeated - celebrity gossip and culture, pro right wing anti- starmer is presented so it gives a narrowed view point of Starmer's glasses and if he's thinking clearly
Profit over creativity with the repetition of the celeb gossip, review

Hesmondhalgh - Profit is seen as risk - celeb culture with Phil holly can help purchases
Capitalist and very few owned conglomerates leads to the the same patterns presented - Anti Starmer and views is seen 

Regulation is seen as needed and required. Less harmful words for Schofield to protect readers from harmful world?

Funding and revenue - free rewards, giveaways and subscriptions are apparent to gain profit and consumerism

Celeb gossip, elite nations/ People - Frequency and ownership repeating the same massive stories - narrowed opinions as all sides of the story aren't shown - only big ones. Profit over creativity as the clickbait seeming title to get money and get revenue.

Risk is seen as profit. Celeb gossip,  and Anti Starmer all use the same capitalist views and opinions to increase profits and sales due to the cultural references being prominent and widely wanted

Link to the website can influence companies and ownership and target audiences to only use the Daily Mails products on different devices/ formats

Livingstone and Lunt is regulation  - Ipso has cases against them. Language may not be as harmful o prevent harm and attacks


DO NOW: Thursday 10th October 2024 Industry theoru

1) Daily Mail = 25 
2) 2.8%
3) Conservative, consumerism Negativity, threshold and personalisation, reference to elite nations and people , meaningfulness consonance
4)  Labour, non profit. Composition over negativity 
5) DM - Ipso, G = itself



explain how The cultural context of how the news is produced influences the content offered to audience

News is owned by very few conglomerates with Media Barons e.g with the daily Mail 25% is owned by the DMGT, Lord Rothermere. Immediately this limits views and opinions of news to a select few, which would repeatedly use the same style and genre to be naturalised and create expected news ideologies and format styles. This is true for the repetition of celebrity gossip, which is seen as an audiences ideals and wants and is repeated to keep the interest and to keep the culture alive. The newspapers also use the theme of cultural holidays e.g easter and Christmas to keep the audience entertained around those times and is also repeated to keep the culture embedded in the readers minds. This is extremely viable with online news, where there are tons of adverts, which is expected as the readership gradually moves online due to the convenience for news to be given to us straight away ( approximately 22.7 million users for online DMGT). Audiences would be well used to the marketing and consumerism would be increasing. This increases profits for the conglomerates ( around £300 - £3,000,000 for print news Daily Mail) so the advertising would be accepted and viewed as normal by the readers online.They would probably feature these cultural references, and will target specific readers interests as well. As an audience, we are used to these, but a postmodern world will sometimes mix these up and there could be a greater diversity in opinions due to the broadsheet/ tabloid newspapers becoming less rigid in format due to the desperation for the cultural content.


News is owned by very few conglomerates with Media Barons e.g with the daily Mail 25% is owned by the DMGT, Lord Rothermere. Immediately this limits views and opinions of news to a select few, which would repeatedly use the same style and genre to be naturalised and create expected news ideologies and format styles. This is true for the repetition of celebrity gossip, which is seen as an audiences ideals and wants and is repeated to keep the interest and to keep the culture alive. 

The newspapers also use the theme of cultural holidays e.g easter and Christmas to keep the audience entertained around those times and is also repeated to keep the culture embedded in the readers minds. This represents how the culture of newspapers follows mainstream ideologies with the cultural events being only present to fit the stereotypical newspapers ideologies and to attract and keep the same narrowed views of these holidays only to attract audiences for consumerism 

This is extremely viable with online news, where there are tons of adverts, which is expected as the readership gradually moves online due to the convenience for news to be given to us straight away ( approximately 22.7 million users for online DMGT).  As online news has grown and changed, more and more audiences are using these websites. The preference means that more effort and money would be put into the online version, so the content there would be an improved quality so the audiences would more likely stay and continue their loyal readership with the Daily Mail due to being familiar with the print???

Audiences would be well used to the marketing and consumerism would be increasing. This increases profits for the conglomerates ( around £300 - £3,000,000 for print news Daily Mail) so the advertising would be accepted and viewed as normal by the readers online.They would probably feature these cultural references, and will target specific readers interests as well. 

As an audience, we are used to these, but a postmodern world will sometimes mix these up and there could be a greater diversity in opinions due to the broadsheet/ tabloid newspapers becoming less rigid in format due to the desperation for the cultural content.


1. Concentrated news ownership
2. Postemodern mixing of genres.
3. Cultrual events in newspapers
4 Consumerism
5 Online news preference.

Do Now: Wednesday 16th October 2024 

Target audience

L/O to investigate audience of printed news and appeal

Hesmondhalgh
Curran and Seaton
Livingstone and Lunt
Cultures influencing the time and place of events - traditions, feelingss and opinions
Art and english adverts]






e




Daily Mail research;




59% female


Aspiriers/ Mainstreamer pyschometrics

Guardian:





50% female
average age 55+
75% ABC
Explorers, reformers & succeeders
Progressoes interested in culture, travel and embrace technology and change


. 


e
  • Follow up
  • celebrity
  • Magnitude
  • Good News
  • Power Elite
  • Relevance







  • Surprise - ' Sobering Truth' relating to alcohol and how it may be not what it seems. The red may connote some danger and relate to the bad news values 
  • Bad news / follow-up can also be from the main Cover line ' Russia 'is Plotting Mayhem 'In Britain'. Again, the lexis with the verb plotting and abstract noun mayhem
  • celebrity - minor image of Holly and Phil
  • Newspaper Agenda - labour and tax in blue

  • Bad News/ Relevance/ Follow up - Isreal and Palestine again - major image and cover line lexis all link to 'pain' and suffering themes powerful elite and Follow-up
  • Celeb gossip Marina Abramovic - minor image, pink colour palette - entertainment
  • Newspaper Agenda - Boris Johnson, blue and labour themes, chief of staff. As well as Israel and showing both sides of the war
  • Entertainment - olympics

DO NOW: target Audience Thursday 17th October 2024


L/O: To explore audience theory. To apply audience theory to Newspaper examples

Audience Demographics: People profiles and stats based around a newspaper Social grade to measure the audience
Audience psychometrics - peoples personalities and character traits Lifestyle
Entertainment - relevant stories - human interest, fun
Bad News - Bad negative serious news
Elite Nations references - ( Power Elite) with individuals - e.g trump

Bandura: Media influences them directly

Media can influence direct or indirectly through related platforms - e.g social media. We can become influenced by the media without being exposed to them

Gerbner Cultivation Theory

Exposure to media forms, genres and content over a long time can cultivate/ shape our behaviour

Repetition of negative media messages and values create ' mean world syndrome' - mistrust and fear of others within our society



.     
  • Gerbner cultivation - negative repetition of labour and repetition of rising tax bringing the same repeated negative messages to the audience - possibly creating mistrust and leading to 'mean world syndrome' 
  • We've seen it over and over - shapes our behaviur towards labour
  • Bandura - instant direct influence on labour - bold serif font
  • Indirect - people talking about this on their website - or look at it only after noticing Meghan and Harry

Halls Encoding/Decoding

Dominant reading - all of the messages is believed and accepted without debate
Negotiated reading - Some of the reading is accepted/ believed - some may not 
Oppositional reading- None of the content is believed and audiences refuse to accept it





Dominant: The people in the camps - refugees are in danger and submitted to horrible conditions
Negotiated readings - the refugees are in need of help, but they may be safe whilst they are processed into the country
Oppositional: They are fine, no need to worry about them.










Gerbner - Negative messages in the news may create 'mean world syndome' mistrust with the world and readers may be heart broken due to the severity
 - may shape our behaviours and beliefs
- sensationalised headlines influencing this with harmful visceral language

- Bandura - The readers are influenced directly by Sara and her death. This would be all over social media, news and TV so  they would be affected




Wednesday 6th November 2024

Bandura - media influences people directly. Influences can also be indirect e.g social media influences . Audiences imitate this
Gerbner - cultivation and behaviours. Negative meanings lead to mean world syndrome
Halls - Preferred/Negotiated/Oppositional

DM Audience- ABC 1 , female, older
Guardian Audience - Male, older , ABC

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Hall's theory of readings and acceptance can be shown through the use of 3 stages: Dominant, Negotiated and Oppositional. The dominant readings are the general accepted reading and is't questioned. Negotiated is where readers half accept the stories, but not all of it. Oppositional reading is where audiences believe none of the story and only believe there own views.

For the Dominant reading, the Headline of 'Hope...and fear' presents a picture of Kamala Harris almost smiling at her phone. The dominant reading for audiences will be that Kamala has a chance of getting to be president and how her chances are strong . The end of the headline also connotes how there also may be a chance that She won't get the presidential role and how the deadline is not clear. The negotiated reading could perhaps be that even though Kamala has strong and more left wing policies, she has still done tricky and questionable actions. Depending on the severity, audiences may not align with Kamala or trump and choose not to support the campaign at all.The oppositional would be the audiences believe Trump is the true winner and Kamala has no chance at all. This would be heavily unlikely due to the left wing nature of the newspaper, but due to the majority of the Guardians readership being men, they may not feel in full support of her campaign?

For the Daily Mail

You need to ensure that you then cover each element of the theory in detail. Also focus the reading on the whole representation not just what appears in the image.
2. You need to apply the element of the theory you are covering to both newspapers.



Media Language


L/O: to explore the genre codes & conventions in print news

Technical Codes - Camerawork, MES, editing - practical skills to produce e.g shot type, layout
Symbolic - Meaning communicated through this
Conventions - general accepted way of doing something

Size= Tabloid = Small. 
Lexis- Tabloid - informal, slang colloquial, gossip, casual tone, sans serif, big caps. B
Mode Of address Tabloid=
Headline Size= Tabloid - bigger, bolder 
Image to text ratio Tabloid - various images to small text 



Size= Broadsheet = Bigger
Lexis- Broadsheet= Sophisticated, serious, formal, serif/ more copy
Mode Of address =
Headline size=  Broadsheet, smaller, bold
Image to text ratio T= one main image rest text

Barthes - semiology and meaning of signs
Have denotations and meanings that link to connotations and deeper meanings
These connotations are repeated into myths and frequent ideologies which become naturalised/accepted in our daily culture

Harris: Wide mid shot encompassing her upper body half. Her pose is confident and her facial expression is smug. Smug expressions usually have denotations of happiness and confidence. A deeper analysis of her smug smile presents that Kamala is intelligent and prepared for the long battle ahead of her. These connotations may present a myth that Kamala is prepped and ready to fight- following typical Guardian values of positive woman leadership. Her posture helping to repeat the ideology that she is ready to beat Trump in the presidential election

Soft vs Hard News: Soft - informal, gossipy. Hard - serious, formal, news and political News

DUAL CONVERGENCE is when genres borrow conventions from another in the use of media language and so increasingly resemble one another e.g broadsheet going down to tabloid size. Middle market newspaper genres are becoming similar 

Neale - Genres are changing in popularity
Codes and conventions are shared and repeated in the conventions of media products
Genres aren't fixed but are constantly changing - hybridity  adding genre codes and conventions from other genres

Thursday 7th November 2024 media language

L/O: to explore the terminology of media language and codes and conventions in print news

Tabloid - gossipy, informal newspaper - soft news
Broadsheet - serious, formal, more copy of a newspaper - hard news
Technical elements - editing, Mise -en-scene
Symbolic -  meaning created through these codes
Neale's theory of genre and hybridity - not fixed and are repeated to become naturalised












Technical Element: Tabloid

 Editing:

Typography- Sans serif bold text for headline. Blocky capitals. Main headline and coverline are the biggest and full of colour with the subheading being white. Date and Price small and under Masthead. No standfirst at all ( no paragraphs)

Layout- Image heavy, adverts and subscriptions advertised at bottom of top. Typical Masthead also at the top. No columns. Main headline is the main story/splash. Image to text is way off with the image being way heavy

Mode of Address- Questions, interrogative. Abstract nouns e.g uncertainty and fear. Imperative verb ' rocked'. hyberbole staggering'. Basic,  unsophisticated 

Mise-en-scene: 

Locations - World round news - Trump and Harris - America debate. Background seems to be him in the American government area.

Lighting is bright high key, to emphasise the main images face. Colours are vibrant to catch our attention onto his victory and to contemplate if the success was good for us.

Camera:
Medium close-up- main image to emphasise Trump and focus on the main image

Pose is pointing and staring up and pointing. Eye level is relatively level








Broadsheet

Masthead is black and in the script style - connotes sophisticated sand reliability. Main cover line is black, serif and underneath the main image. Copy is almost half the page, under headline and main image. Standfirst is slightly larger than the rest of the paragraphs, statistics and figures are shown in the copy area. There is a plug to the inside above the masthead ' 14 pages of the best reports'

Layout: Typical Main image is at the central focus. Masthead is on the top and the copy is seperated into  4 colour below the main headline. At the bottom corner is the barcode and a non political Ufo image. At the top above the masthead the date, price title and issue number is

Mode of address:

 

Do Now: Thursday 14th November 2024


L/O: Analysing the IMPACT of media language in the set products

1) a puff is a big bold shape with simple text usually depicting something prominent to the newspaper\
2) First paragraph of the main story - of the article
3) Adverts above the masthead - skybox
4) Masthead is the title of the newspaper, usually the biggest font
5) Main headline - main story and heading depicting this

The daily mail has hybridised the news with combining the serious political news of the stand first, whilst having the main cover line lexis be ' the pomp and the pygmy, separated into the different sections. the lexis is colloquial and conveys a joking tone, contrasting the serious hard news of the US president. The hybridised nature of the middle market can link to Neale's theory of genre not being fixed but becoming a hybrid and a mix 



Masthead - Genre follows broadsheet
  • Serif font
  • Logo - lion + unicorn - shield + crown (traditional values of the monarchy which is trusted by the Daily Mail audience )
  • Black and white
Main Headline -
  • Serif font, emboldened, connotes importance and follows the same trusted reliable serif
  • Follows both tabloid and Broadsheet genre conventions- massive headline tabloid, serif font broadsheet
  • Bold often promotes importance due to it being thicker and more noticeable. This directs audiences attentions to the stand first to gather more info.
Sans serif font

  • Main cover line is in sans serif font, relating to typical tabloid for ease of understanding - less sophisticated so can be viewed as more generalised.
  • It's underlined which often connotes importance
  • Genre could be hybrid due to the news being hard but the font following typically tabloid themes caters to both audiences!
Main Image:

  • Main image of a mid shot showing the King and Queen in the centre placing importance of them both to the newspaper. The image is taking over half of the bottom, conveying importance to the Daily Mail readers who support the family
  • Purple colour conveys typical royal connotations
Levi Strauss:

Hidden rules shape a structure - communicates ideologies/myths
World shaped by binary oppositions e.g good/evil soft/hard news. we can tell and pick a side based on what is there




Main Image:

  •  Main image depicts the king at a high angle, presenting him to be in a lower position. Image is relatively neutral sized allowing copy of text to go around the sides, following broadsheet conventions.
  • The high angle follows the public interest on how the Guardian is with the victims who suffered to the lack of help, accommodating the readers to feel the same as well
Masthead/serif font

  •  Masthead has typical serif font, following broadsheet conventions of old, trustworthy news.
  • Using a hybrid of genres - block of bold blue uses tabloid colour conventions, but the mix of the white and blue is different from stereotypical black. This reinforces progressive liberal ideologies of how the Guardian wants to improve etc.
Lexis:

  •  Using star international news of Trump and Harris

Wednesday 20th November Media Language Q2 practice

L/O: to analyse the uses of media language and codes and conventions in set products

1 )Masthead, colour palette Editing, camerawork, mise en scene - technical
2)Meaning associated with the language
3)Tabloid - short, gossipy, more image to text ration, soft news primarily
-Broadsheet - more copy, more text to image ratio, black and larger, hard
-Mid - market - hybrid - even amount of text to image, may be slightly bigger on days. Tabloid size. Hard and soft news
4) Audiences are let known that the product is a media product.
- Simulacra where a fake world is present and its even more real than reality itself
Hypereality 

Baudrillard:
  • Postmodernism is organised into simulation -  play of images/ signs
  • Social distinctions suffer 'implosion' as differences of gender, class, politics and culture dissolve into a world of simulation where individuals construct identity
  • New world of hyperreality - media simulations e.g theme parks, malls all are more real than reality and controls behaviours
- Postmodern images/signs
-social distinctions not important. Identities created
-Hyperreality control society
Simulacra hyperreality can't tell difference








There are 3 different types of newspaper genres in our. British culture- being Broadsheet, tabloid and mid-market. Broadsheet newspapers follow a standard, formal traditional layout( including sophisticated serif fonts), which typically has more copy to image ratio and a larger  sized newspaper The content is typically hard news - often political and serious.
 Tabloid is the opposite, with the images being larger and more than a broadsheet with less copy, the tone is lighthearted( sans serif with modernity ideologies) and gossipy, and the news is very soft - like a celeb and social cultural news rather than political and serious. 
Mid -market (. daily mail) is a hybrid of both of broadsheet and tabloid, where both conventions are used. There is a mixture of both serious and hard news, the image to text ratio varies from newspapers and the magazine is generically tabloid size(to save money) The font type of sans serif/serif ,may be dependable on the news story that is present ( whether it is hard or soft may depend on whether it is traditional or modern for the font style).

The Conventions of the Masthead creates a distinct and diverse look for both newspapers. First, with the Mirror, the mast head is a sans serif white text on a square of blocky red. The colour automatically correlates with the stereotypical conventions of tabloids, with the red masthead being a 'red top' and how they always are the tabloids. The sans serif font links to modernity and how the newspaper is tackling todays news - relating to modernity and how the news is progressive and not just stuck in the old ways. This is heavily contrasted by The Daily Mail, with the masthead being plain bold black and white, with a serif font. This conveys a traditional and sophisticated tone that symbolises how the Daily Mail is an old and reliable source of news to their traditional readership. This is followed by the coat of arms combined with the unicorn and the lion to convey the old archaic British values which reinforces readers of their old British ideologies and how it is united in tradition, which is heavily different to the blocky sans serif font of the mirror which isn't traditional at all

The main cover lines on both newspapers is also different in their lexis, presenting their own views on Trump and the US election. First the mirror uses the rhetorical interrogative ' What have they done...again?' The ellipsis and the emboldened yellow emphasises how the US have put themselves into the same situation with Trump and reflects on why on earth they have made the decision. The questions helps to ponder whilst the bold yellow contrasts the major blue/red colours to drill into our brains on the awful decision making of the US population..
Havent finisheddddd.

Overall, the conventions - typically the editing and mise-en-scene of the Masthead and lexis differ in both newspapers, conveying their different viewpoints of the US election with the left/right wing approaches shown by the media language


Do Now: Representations. Wednesday 27th November 2024

L/O: to explore the constructions of representations in papers and the impact of contexts on these representations

1)Intro comparing tabloid/broadsheet - Comparison of both technical elements. Use the bullet points
2) Postmodernism Baudrillard
3) hyperreal - a new reality of simulations
4) A simulacra is Where the place presented is more real than in our own reality
5) Broadsheet, tabloid mid-market

Dominant group - a group that controls the values systems in a society - may not be the largest in sizes but hold social ,political and economic power.
Characteristics:

  • Middle-aged
  • Male
  • White
  • Middle Class
  • Capitalist
  • Christian
  • Heterosexual
  • Able-bodied
  • Western
  • University education
Bias towards the dominant group:
  • Dominant ideology - Social experience, values and beliefs of the dominant group
  • If the dominant group has access to power and a means of communication they have control and influence over the way in which other social groups are seen ad understood.
  • Individuals who don't fit some characteristics of the dominant group would be classed as the subordinate group



  • Women
  • White
  • Working class/ High class celeb ( woman photo vs Nell Frizzell)
  • Western
  • Political - University education?
  • Opposite of capitlaist
  • Middle-aged
  • Women - subordinate, sexualising
  • Able-bodied
  • Starmer - men
  • white
  • Western
  • Labour -politics - university degree
  • Heterosexual
  • Middle-aged


  • Men
  • NHS, university links
  • Heterosexual
  • White
  • Middle-class
  • middle aged




Media Barons and Journalists could influence the media barons by having there own opinions and views presented through the news stories. With the Barons, the ownership could have a sway in what content is put into tee news, and journalists will have opinions embedded in the stories.
Economic factors including the genre influences representations. Tabloid is more celeb culture, societal favourites and lighthearted news which would have a variety of social groups.

Representation occurs as a result of selection (through gatekeeping) and combination ( the way different features are selected and combined).

Gatekeeping will depend on the appeal to the target audience and how the stories can be shaped to reflect a particular political agenda or viewpoints.
This process of selection includes the act of de-selection of which social groups are not represented and why.



  • There is a range of stories included - including Royalty and war, job threats, war ending and NHS health environmental impacts. Include various dominant and subordinate group ideologies - white, middle aged - class men, but it also includes War in the middle east, Free health care and nature impacts and lower class jobs?
  • THese all create different representations and ideologies that are viewed in different aspects from the audience
  • The lower classes isn't mentioned at all, but all the other groups are shown to an extent - Race, disability is shown



  • All the stories are presented straight to the point, bold and big fonts to present this- mainly children getting free breakfast, Prince William Military. Positive and various images of the same  groups: men, middle-class, white, able-bodied and western .The younger generation is presented here though and reflecting about views of free meals for the lower classes.
  • Celeb culture is represented with i'm aa celeb - repeated convention
  • Absence of race, disability

Do Now: Thursday 28th November 2024. Representation and theory


L/O: tp explore the use of stereotypes in representations in papers and to explore relevant representation theory

White, men ,middle-class ,middle aged, western, able-bodied, heterosexual, university education christian
Economic, news bias and regulation  affect the representations

Gatekeeping - how the stories can be shaped to reflect a particular political agenda or viewpoints.

Viewpoints and ideologies are ideas ,beliefs and values that are expressed

Codes are the technical elements and conventions are the meanings behind the product Expectations of content and layout

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  • Class:  Upper football class - negative representations 'sex on long legs' unpleasant,  mocking
  • Age - middle aged - 40s - dominant group representation. Absence of old/young presenting them as inferior
  • Gender - only men is presented - not an equal balance. This follows dominant group of representations and leaves women out
  • Ethnicity- not represented at all only the dominant group white- presenting them as 'superior'
  • Disability - underrepresented, healthy people are the norm and disabilities are presented as inferior
  • Class: Upper classes - celeb and Al Fayed were high up in the class ladder - this is the normal stereotype for the mirror
  • Age is presented as middle and older, presenting these as the dominant stereotype with subtle images of children being presented
  • Gender- men and women are presented, but men - Al Fayed is the villain and the women are above him - possibly connoting how the women are superior to him. absence of non- binary genders
  • Ethnicity -  Diversification of ethnicity is presented but white is more presented - showing them as the  dominant and normal stereotype
  • Disability - not presented , showing able-bodied as the superior in the mirror
  • Class - working/ middle - unspecified- SUV car is not working but rich. Presenting how there isn't alway. as a class stereotype presented. Older presented as bad with Al Fayed
  • Age - a mix of ages are presented - old and young - the stereotypes defer from the middle aged and dominant group stereotypes - subverting conventions
  • Gender - gender is presented as equal and together - however there is only representation of binary genders and 'fixed' identities
  • Ethnicity - Lebanese is represented as a minority group, as well as white so more representation presents ethnicity as valued subverting dominant group stereotypes of only white ethnicities being represented
  • Disability - Underrepresented again, presenting how disability is inferior and not important in the news right now
  • Class - upper classes are presented  political and This morning boss, all wealthy and rich showing the norm and how the working class isn't relevant
  • Age - old and young - dementia and children are presented so this is is varied
  • Gender - a range of genders so there is no inequality - women is the subordinate group so there is a subversion of only men being represented. Men is shown as caring but also negatively with caring, which subverts traditional dads as working hard with the mother at home
  • Ethnicity - only white is shown in images, but Kemi is black but not shown the dominant group isn't only there -talk about immigration links these representations but the stereotype of 'immigration 'is negative and reinforces bad stereotypes about them
  • Disability - dementia and the mental disability helps and reinforces how these do and are a concern in our society

Realism: Constructed realism is the way in which a media product uses the technical elements of media language to create a product that looks real but is:

  • A version of reality
  • Constructed through a series of choices made from the editor/journalist
  • Audiences tend to accept these versions as real. The repetition of similar representations help these to become natural
  • The ideology embedded in these representations is then also accepted


Representations may try to fix meanings in a 'preferred' reading but audiences can contest meanings.
Meaning is presented by what is present,  but by what is absent as well and what is different which creates meaning.
Ideology or stereotyping tries to fix the meaning of a representation





Do Now: 04/12/24

Liar - media language industry audiences and representation
Contexts - social,political,cultural,historical and economical
Intertextuality - link to other media products and influences
Theorists - Barthes, baudrillard, butler

Targets:2 5 - 
1- cover all of Liar
2covers the contextual issues
3- cover theory.               
4 - cover set texts
5- is intertextuality needed for LFTVD to be successful- appealing to national and international audiences



Plan: Production and consumer contexts for both Killing Eve and Lupin, contrasting them and presenting our inital ideas.
2- Answer the question with a judgement - yes they use intertextuality/ no they don't - both. By using one of the theoretical framework - LIAR - we use this along with theory and other contexts to answer the question on intertextuality for KE- e.g The pub, drinking and celebrating - British culture with alcohol and pubs -  using media language and representations. Start to compare to lupin
3- compare to Ke Use same LIAR one of the theoretical framework -- we use this along with theory and other contexts to answer the question on intertextuality for Lupin. Compare to KE
4/5 repeat using the same structure but compare. Using. industry Liar or other areas

Tuesday 5th December 2024

Main point -  butler - gender is performed in anyway , people can make it in which they choose 
Repeated to create a naturalised viewpoint
Gender performativity
Gender trouble is created when heteronormative is the norm

Gilroy - post colonialism - living in a white supremacist world demonisation of immigrants 
failure to mourn empire lost
Black atlantic portrayal due to the slavery

Not specific to LFTVD



question 4 structure:  

Intro - detail the theory and list the 3 elements:

P1- first element and applying to KE and LP
P2 - second element and applying to KE and LP
P3- third element and applying to KE and LP

Conclusion - limitations of the theory - does it work to analyse LFTVD

Butler's theory surrounds gender performativity and how gender is influenced. WE can break the theory into 3 main components: Gender performativity is where a character/person role is created from performance and is repeated to become naturalised. Second, the feeling of heteronormativity where the performance of gender is only based on the stereotypes of masculine and feminine, which lead's to the third point of gender trouble, where people don't fir into the heteronormative stereotypes and ideologies so they are not within the binary systems

Wednesday 11th Theory 2024 Representation in case study newspapers Daily Mail

L/O: to analyse the constructions of representations in case studies and the impact of contexts on these representations

Bell Hooks theory:  Intersectionality. Being female is a factor of oppression along with race, age,disability.

CAGED - Class age gender ethnicity disability

Hall's theory - representations are following stereotypes. Repeated to reinforced/subvert these types. Representations are found from what is present/ absent.
Gauntlets identity theory -     Identity isn't fixed
Van Zoonen's theory about feminism and objectifying





  • Sensationalised personal emotive journalism - Women left in agony
  • Medical misogyny - negative representations of the NHS? Stereotypes of men caring for vulnerable women and placing power over them
  •  positive representations of the dominant group' hot assassin 
  • British culture is presented with the NHS and how they may be struggling financially and how women are seen as inferior with the obsessing over him, antidepressant.


  • Events  - NHS and women. NHS are presented to be the villains and how GPs are not doing their job correctly - the lexis and abstract noun. Connotations of how the NHS are not helpful and causing harm
  • Women are presented negatively - fawning over the hot assassin and ignoring the harmful evil crime he has committed. The Prozac drug is negative and presents her as relying on drugs for help - CAGED - Class is represented negatively with the free NHS being negatively hated. Age is presented negatively with PROZAC, gender negative, ethnicity isn't represented and is ignored , the same with disability


  • Emotive journalism with 'hot assassin'
  • Negative representations of minority groups - ' chronic threat' Women drinking wine stereotypes.
  • Domminant group - able bodied, men, smiling contrasted to faceless female over wine.
  • Family values/ British culture, drinking alcohol, christmas 
  • Presents the event of Syria as negative and harmful to the UK, vilifying Syria and placing Ethnicities and countries as a negative representation 
  • CAGED - Class isn't presented
  • CAGED - Age is shown with the young criminal and the woman who looks to be in her 30s
  • CAGED - gender is presented to be negative and follow female stereotypes of drinking wine and how they only drink that - conforming to the typical representations.
  • CAGED - Ethnicity is vilified with Syria Chaos
  • CAGED - disability is not present  
Right wing potentially with Syria Chaos

BUTLER:  gender performativity - Gender is performed and roles are repeated to become naturalised,
only heteronormative representations are shown. This may lead to gender trouble and how don't conform to these

Example - we can see gender being reinforced with women drinking and the 'hot assassin' the heteonormative norms may create gender trouble, but it would be less due to the traditional target audience of the Daily Mail.


GILROY: Ethnicity and Post-colonialism - Black Atlantic suggests the way in which black cultures blend elements of dufferent African, American, Caribbean and European cultures

Postcolonialism suggests the ways in which colonial history continues to influence attitudes to ethnicity with an assumption of the superiority of white western cultures.

British has failed to mourn the loss of empire, creating post-colonial melancholia, leading to a version of British Colonial history that criminalises immigrants

Limitations:  Doesn't explain anything of newspapers due to being a general theory
Does not  aid with other representations


Example -  white superiority can be presented as there is absence of Black cultures where only white people are presented

.

  • Positive representations of women and royalty as important  - british culture and idolising the royal family
  • Absence of minorities and disabilities social groups
  • Right wing - Making. cuts to UK defence and how that area is important

Do Now:  Thursday 28th November 2024

L/O: to analyse the constructions in case studies and the impacts of contexts on these representations

Representations: White race
Representations:  Male
Representations: Right Wing sensationalised personal emotive journalism
Positive representations of the dominant group
Positive representations of family values
Negative representations of minority groups/ absence
4) Gender performativity - gender is performed and is repeated in the media to be naturalised
This may create heteronormativity, and this leads to gender trouble where people who don't fit into those ideologies don't feel comfortable with either one.
5) Gilroy's theory - Post colonialism. The black Atlantic has merged into all cultures of African and the Black Caribbean with blended elements
post- colonialism melancholia which demonises/ criminalises immigrants

Objective representations are not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts
  • Objective representations - positive representations of minority groups and how Sara has suffered - DG minority
  • national affairs represented with 10,000 civil service job cuts
  • This also places a centre left wing - abstract noun 'purge' is negative and reinforces murder and ruthlessness which is a left wing approach?. Its objective as its simply telling but it still carries some negative connotations.
  •  The 'daily living hell' is a the only cover line with white serif text on a black background. This contrasts to all the other text that is black on a white background. The plain opposition immediately makes the text more. noticeable and highlights the importance of the case featured which the audience can easily identify as the main story
  • Representing Global affairs - Syrian rebel leader
  • CAGED - younger age group
  • CAGED - ethnicity is positively represented
  • CAGED - class is presented - jobs in budgets, ministers all upper class
  • CAGED - gender representations is equal and female is in the centre subverting DG representations
  • Sara is fitting the normal gender roles  that is naturalised already - the makeup and earrings mise-en-scene reinforcing how the typical gender ole is portrayed in the news.
  • The Queer representations support non - heteronormative representations, however they don't subvert the typical gender role
  • The superiority of white western culture in Gilroys theory is not present as the abuse of Sara occurred in the UK and how she was seen as equal and not inferior 
  • Syrian rebel demonises and criminalises the opposing ethnicities which places them as unpleasant and unkind which places inferiority to them with Gilroy's theory

  • Global affairs Israel seizes territory in Syria
  • Objective representations - Care homes to be used for asylum seekers - not biased and spilling the facts
  • the DG is still presented and subverted with the middle class vodafone managers compared to care homes
  • CAGED - age is middle aged/ early 20s
  • CAGED - various ethnicities are present
  • CAGED - Gender is represented as diverse with both being presented without an absence of the other. However a man is in the centre, conforming to DG



  • Representing the global affairs of Assad'a slaughterhouse and the suspending Syrians' asylum applications
  • Upper class dominant group representations conformed - CEO murder suspect - rich
  • Dominant group represented white family at the top skybox
  • Minority group which subverts dominant group - people of colour
  • Objective representations - ' human slaughterhouse' quotation which is taking it out from the article as a reference
  • CAGED - women are presented in smaller images whereas men are in the centre conforming to the DG. However, they are featured in the skybox, which is above the men. This may place a sense of status 
  • CAGED - disability is not featured, so it is absent in representations which could infer that the social group is less valued and viewed as inferior to the able bodied and DG representations
  • The main image is a medium long shot, which encompasses all of the scene, reinforcing the two men holding up the rope (mise-en-scene ) to the camera. The camera shot encompasses the whole scene and allows us to experience the 'human slaughterhouse' aspect to reinforce the main story featured in the newspaper. The human slaughterhouse is a visceral and violent noun, reminding the audience of the horrific and terrible event that occurred.

DO NOW:  Thursday 19th October 2024 Q2 Practice

L/O: to analyse the use of genre conventions in newspapers

Q1 - analyse both covers of set texts Use the designed structure
Q2 - Daily Mail/ Guardian. CASE STUDY AND NON CASE STUDY
Q3 - semiology - meaning of signs ideologies and myths
Q4 - LIAR
Q5 - judgements - opinions Conclusion whether it matches the judgement - overall finish


Yes -  Colour images and technology
  • Compact/tabloid sizee
  • Guardian - masthead changed
  • Political allegiance had developed  - times has negative lexis but shows values of the paper - not as right as before
  • Guardian - skybox pun - tabloid style - liberal viewpoint

No - Financial times broadsheet size is the same
  • Adverts are fr the traditional audience
  • Both feature hard news
  • Masthead + headline traditional serif font
  • text to image ratio - more text is traditional
  • Serif font 
  • Black and white paper is printed on guardian, not for the times

Conventions of broadsheets:

Text to image ratio - more copy in the broadsheet
Serif font featured
black and white used for traditional
Hard News
Size is double tabloid
Representations focus on the dominant group in society






Conventions of broadsheet newspapers have changed over time, but they have also stayed the same periodically. For the Guardian, the broadsheet size has changed to a smaller, tabloid size to save costs on money. Hard news are still featured in both newspapers, having political views being expressed. The political allegiance has shifted minorly, alike text to image ratio where that has stayed the same as well. Both newspapers still contain a traditional serif font. which matches genre conventions of typical broadsheet newspapers.

First, the hard news aspect is the same in both newspapers, following typical broadsheet conventions. In the Guardian, they focus on Rishi Sunak, and his ' big gamble' ( from the main headline')in the conservative party. The standard, political news is traditional for broadsheet newspapers, as it is formal and serious, unlike the gossipy tabloids which contain more of a celebrity culture based newspaper. They are not demonising his decisions, but they expressing their left wing viewpoint which is traditional of the liberal left wing newspaper. However, the Guardian also follows tabloid conventions, changing from stereotypical codes and conventions - in the skybox there is a pun 'Soak the rich. Soak the rish!' This plays on the liberal viewpoint of the Guardian, the left wing ideologies being presented in a pun way presenting their opposing views of how they like Rishi Sunak being drenched in the rain. The pun changes the hard, formalised traditional broadsheet conventions to a more colloquial tone to be expressed. However, hard news is similar in the Financial times,where it merely expresses the hard, formalised news towards the audience - political again. This follows the traditional stereotypes of the broadsheet newspapers, again presenting how they have changed , but some conventions still remain rigid and fixed.

Colour palette is a major influence in both newspapers - all of them have coloured aspects in their newspapers. This differs from early broadsheet conventions as typically the only colours were black and white. However, the financial times is a salmon-peach shade of pink, which contrasts to stereotypical old conventions. This is also the same with the Guardian, as the masthead had changed from blue and small to having the whole top section become a thick, bold dark blue with white text. This appears to be more noticeable towards returning audiences, and also contrasts to the tradition of black and white in old broadsheet newspapers. This can be a good thing though, as it will attract audiences more than black and white did in the past.

Text to image ratio hasn't really varied at all, where in the broadsheet newspapers and especially the Financial times, there is more copy to text ratio, which follows stereotypical conventions of broadsheet newspapers. This is to remind the consumer and reader of how the information is prioritised immediately, giving an intelligent tone throughout. The advert for the financial times is an image of a fancy and very expensive watch, again being used to get the attention of the stereotypical rish audiences This is consistent with the guardian as only one image is present, with copy underneath to get the intelligent tone presented. However the image is large and is about 40% of the newspaper, being a majority section which may follow some tabloid conventions.

Overall, the newspapers and broadsheet genre had changed and developed over time, but not completely. Some aspects of the broadsheet genre has changed and does adapt to a more modern and celeb cultured society, but some ( like hard news and text to image ration0 has stayed consistent and rigid in their changes.

Do Now - 
1) question 1 is theory. Question 2  comparing 2 questions - source A and B - how far media language or rep
2) Question 1
3) Following the bullet points/ source A, judgement, Source B compare, Judgement
4) Theory define, Source A, B, A, B then conclude
5) Semiology - study of signs - denotations lead to connotations. myths and signs are created and followed from these


ONLINE NEWS                


L/O: to explore the industry, regulation and ownership of online, social & participatory news of the Mail Online



1) The internet, technology advances - mobile phones, social media app progression
2) Paywalls, adverts, subscriptions
3) Production has been impacted as it has stopped print news from being so popular. Less money is required for online news as it costs less to make the product than physical copies. Distribution can be done through the varied social media services .Circulation has probably increased as it is free to look at news - online sharing has made circulation better
4)Regulatory bodies, IPSO daily Mail online

 
Statistics -   

production - 



Mailonline employs over 800 people who post over 1500 articles and 560 videos a day
Same conservative news values even with a different editor
Content features mainly UK coverage of sports, finance and travel
Entertainment, celeb and lifestyle news is majorly prominent with the site being dominated with images


Distribution - 


Digitially distributed over converged platforms - website, apps and socials
Snapchat content
Reduces distribution costs and enhances profit from advertising
Ensures a global reach for the brand through online content in the UK, USA , Australia and India
Allows attraction of younger audiences


Circulation -

Since 2015, MailONline is the most visited news website of the world.
1/3 of daily traffic comes from USA and Australia
MailOnline has 22 million browsers every month
15 million TikTok followers
4 Million YouTube subscribers, 14 million snapchat followers 
The app is the most engaged news platform of the whole UK


Regulation-  

IPSO Member
Since. 2015 IPSO had received 39 complaints. Only 2 were upheld
IPSO can only regulate content of the journalists, so the comments aren't regulated
MailOnline Journalists are tasked with filtering, editing, removing content deemed offensive on the platforms, but the volume of user - generated content makes this harder
Minimal impact of regulation - more room of invading privacy and posting inaccurate information. As the newspaper is gossipy in nature, this can be regulated if posted by journalists
Sharing, commenting is encouraged - this is mainly self-regulated and the success is debatable






The small headlines allow people to notice easily, production can present all of these stories. Circulation heavily increased as comments encourage discussion and debate on the story. Having the option to share to facebook increases circulation and how it is shared



Thursday 8th January 2024

1) Digital convergence is the process of combining different media forms in a digitalised format e.,g online, apps, tablet, website mixing of different technologies
2) IPSO
3) Most visited UK news website. 1.9 Billion monthly page visits. 66 Million Page Visits
4) Theory, source A,B,A,B Conclusion
5) Follow the bullet points


THE GUARDIAN

Statistics- 


Production-




Same liberal Centre left views maintained
Opinion and Soulmate sections  =- greater content range
Niche subjects - business, entertainment, technology
Constantly updated



Distribution-


Theguardian.com is digitally distributed across digitally converged platforms- website app, social media
Reduces distribution costs and enhances profit from advertising
Has a global reach and country specific versions in the USA and Australia
Distributed through  a partnership with Yahoo with users from UK, USA Australia and Singapore accessing content


Circulation -


Since 2015, the theguardian.com has increased circulation by 25%
34.7 Million global users
1.15 million users access theguardian.com by mobile or tablet

Regulation -




Reader's editor to regulate both print and online content
Theguardian.com has a global reach of 140million online users - regulating and responding to all isn't possible
They use a certain criteria to organise complaints:

  • How serious the complaint is
  • The likelihood of harm occurring
  • Potential the content has to mislead
  • Proximity of the person to. the issue raised and whether it affects them directly
  • How many have complained about the same subject
  • The risk to the reputation of the GMG ( Guardian Media group) and their brands

The offensive language could create problems for regulation as some viewers could easily be mentally disturbed



This presents how some of the comments are being monitored


Do Now: 
1)The movement to online and internet
2)Themselves
3)34.7. million users The guardian hass 22m cross platforfm monthly readers
4) Sharing, talking, commenting
5)Costs less for sharing as its all digital

Online News Wednesday15 January 2025

L/O: to explore audience appeal and use of online, social and participatory  news

Ad-like -The term advertorial refers to an article, webpage, or video that is designed to look and read like objective journalistic content but is, in fact, a paid advertisement.
Liking or clicking on an advert on a digital webste

Click-Stream - The term advertorial refers to an article, webpage, or video that is designed to look and read like objective journalistic content but is, in fact, a paid advertisement.
Tracking of what users click on and hopw long they spend on an article

Echo - chamber -An echo chamber is "an environment where a person only encounters information or opinions that reflect and reinforce their own."
Audience receive more oof the same content to reinforce their likes and preferences, values are consistent


Front door traffic - encouraging users to view newspapers content on their website through another site e.g Facebook, encouraging advertisers

Uk news brands have the follwoing reach 84% of men and women
88% of 18 - 34 year olds



Desktop:












How do news brands reach different audiences using online platforms and what questions do these raise?

First, off the Daily Mail had used different digital forms of online desktop, apps, social media all digital convergence of having news displayed in different ways - all targeting a different area of the audience reach - desktop is mainly men, and apps and phones are 56% female. This reaches different audiences sectors and therefore may present different content due to these different audiences. Therefore the issue of echo chambers may arise, as content may be established and catered towards the specific social group. 
By making users login, the content would align with the same values and ideologies, and have the same content be shown to users. This could be a problem as their may be the same ideologies presented over and over, involving stereotypes which not everyone can fit into and identify with. Even though stereotyping and repetition could be good for targeting and keeping the audiences contempt and happy.

Social media platforms also allows users to share and reach different audiences - people who consume the content can share and message the friends the content that they appreciate. This, by different social media apps allows people to interact with the Mail Online website( front door traffic) whilst also using and posting on different social media platforms, reaching even more audiences due to the sharing of one post. This includes 75% of audiences using social media as well as 


e



News Values -

  • Celebrity culture is shown with the Tommy Fury - Love Island, Heidi and her husband
  • Entertainment with the celeb news, Irish backpacker death all interesting
  • Surprise - the death, 'DON"T MISS' , images adding to the shock factor
  • Bad News - found dead, warning with 'hot friend'
  • Good News - Jellycat fever, bikini cuddling
  • Relevance - all the celeb cultures, news of Holly and recent sudden news
  • Follow - up, Jessica Simpson trying to save her marriage
  • News Agenda - tabloidy news, celeb gossip, news everywhere adverts
Media Language:

 Layout is in columns, scattered everywhere . Headline and news are blue reinforces the brand is blue. Chaotic to reinforce how many stories are present. Typography of sans serif text is accommodating to audiences =- more easier to read and sounds more modern and updated which contrast to the serif nature of the daily MailEasy to read lexis, comfortable and is easily accessible to an easy-reading audience, Image to text ratio - more image - reflecting the tabloid nature and how audiences want it to visually appeal to them. All of the bright colours reflecting positive and diversity.

Uses and Gratifications - personal identity can be seen through celeb culture and their own beliefs, how the death may sound familiar to their own experiences


Do Now: Thursday 16th January 2023 Audience

L/O: To explore audience appeal and use of online, social and participatory news

1)Ad liking is clicking an advert on a digital website
2)Click stream - tracking data of what people like?
3)Using other websites to encourage using their one
4)Echo chambers - more of the same content is revealed, identifying with their values
5) Easier and quicker to use

THe Guardian Online demographics

67% aged 35=
33 % aged 15-25 print is 9.5%
majority of visits from ABC1

34.7 million monthly global unique visits
24.2 million UK monthly cross-platform users



News Values





Celebrity - Timothee Chalamet, Paul Dana n
Bad News - Hollyoaks star death, MP and assault, Sherry
Good News. - Serious , hard news, gaming and Claire
Surprise - fined of Timothee, Uk risk at trumps tariff war
Entertainment - Timothee
Relevance - Politics is a major relevant to our world
Follow-up - Ukraine
News agenda - serious, political hard news

Technical codes - more organised and less chaotic for layout
Black, red an white, all traditional, formal
Font- serif is traditional and advocates for a more sophisticated audience
Mode of address - formal political bias obviously less centre which audiences do identify with
Lexis -  'contaminated' 'chemicals' ' Starmer' "Tory' semantic field of politics and debates, war, and science are all educated for an middle class audience ABC1

Uses and Gratifications - Personal Identity - political news allegiance is perfect as your supporting your own party and are following the information your interested in

Bandura

People replicating behaviours they have seen in the media
Recreating violent behaviour - children attacking bobo dolls

Negatives to theory - not suitable for above children, assumes people can't control their own mind


Gerbner:

Mean World syndrome - negative world inflicts negative views
Long term this builds up
Knife crime in city centres

Hall - Dominant- agree completely with all of the reading.
 negotiated - agree and disagree believes somewhat
 oppositional - reject all of the reading


Jenkins: Fandom


Participatory culture where audiences are active

Participatory audiences create online communities using new media forms to develop or influence how media is consumed

Collective intelligence - everyone agrees on one main concept
Spreadable Media - viral media

Shirky: End of Audience


Traditional media are shaped by centralised producers
Audiences were seen as a mass of people with predictable behaviours
Audience behaviour is now variable - prosumers who can create and shape their own content
Online we can publish then filter and adapt and edit

Comments

  1. Bodmin College Media Mrs Busby11 September 2024 at 08:21

    11/9- Great start to your notes and a good use of terminology.

    ReplyDelete
  2. Bodmin College Media Mrs Busby19 September 2024 at 06:49

    19/9- Great analysis on the covers and application of Barthes to the cover. T: In your theory, try to add how each cover can have each theory applied. You can also demonstrate how the binary oppositions cause myths and ideologies.

    ReplyDelete
  3. Bodmin College Media Mrs Busby26 September 2024 at 05:01

    26/9- Very well structured and you link your theory to the examples from the newspapers. T: 2 You need to cover the other points that C&S state and apply each of these different points to both texts to evaluate the theory

    ReplyDelete
  4. Bodmin College Media Mrs Busby2 October 2024 at 07:12

    2/10- Good start here, T: 3. online pressure and changes.
    4. online success. for both newspapers

    ReplyDelete
  5. Bodmin College Media Mrs Busby10 October 2024 at 05:32

    10/10- Really good information here. T: try to structure this more clearly and add in some examples to each area.
    Follow this structure for now:
    1. Concentrated news ownership
    2. Postemodern mixing of genres.
    3. Cultrual events in newspapers
    4 Consumerism
    5 Online news preference.

    ReplyDelete
  6. Bodmin College Media Mrs Busby6 November 2024 at 06:25

    6/11- Good use of example. T: 1. You need to ensure that you then cover each element of the theory in detail. Also focus the reading on the whole representation not just what appears in the image.
    2. You need to apply the element of the theory you are covering to both newspapers.

    ReplyDelete
  7. Bodmin College Media Mrs Busby11 December 2024 at 07:07

    11/12- Great notes, keep these detailed with lots of examples to refer back to in revision

    ReplyDelete
  8. Bodmin College Media Mrs Busby19 December 2024 at 05:33

    19/12- Good coverage of all areas.

    ReplyDelete
  9. Bodmin College Media Mrs Busby15 January 2025 at 05:22

    15/1- Excellent notes

    ReplyDelete

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